Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity Necessity and Private Defence are closely linked therefore; many of the requirements of private defence are also requirements for necessity. The difference between these two grounds of justification is that private defence stems from and is directed at, an unlawful human attack while in necessity a person finds him/herself in a situation in which he/she must between two evils: either suffer personal harm or break the law. The act of defence in private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack whereas; in cases of necessity it is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a mere legal provision. (Snyman, 2008, p. 115) Necessity There must be an urgent and immediate threat to life which creates a situation in which the defendant reasonably believes that a fair response to that threat is to break the law. This reflects the distinction between the defenses of necessity and duress in that the former is pressure of circumstances arising naturally, whereas the latter is a threat from an entirely human agency that overpowers the will of the defendant. The subjective frame of mind of the person who is relying on necessity the courts will not consider this but rather whether the act of necessity was in accordance with the legal conviction of society. The courts will also weight the option of whether a reasonable would have acted in the same way as a person that claims to have acted in necessity. They are using the concept of the reasonable person to practically embody the legal convictions of society and not to determining negligence. (Joubert, 2001, p. 61) REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RAISE A DEFENCE OF NECESSITY The author will no discuss five (5) requirements that must be met in order for a person to successfully raise a defence of necessity: A legal interest must be endangered The danger must have begun or be imminent The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger The defensive act must be reasonable The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity A legal interest must be endangered The purpose of the specific conduct must be clearly to protect a legal interest. Although the law recognizes many interests the most obvious are a persons life, limb, personal safety and integrity. A person may act in a situation of necessity to protect property but cannot relay on necessity to protect his/her job. If a person is not able to perform his job without breaking the law he must find another way to earn a living. For example a person cannot operate an illegal shebeen and claim it is to sustain his family when apprehended. The person must rather apply legally for a shebeens license. A person may also act in necessity in defence of some else. (S v Pretorius, 1975) The danger must have begun or be imminent When danger has already passed or will possibly occur in the distant feature a person cannot rely on necessity. Therefore, the danger must already have begun or the situation must be immediately threatening. In the trail Regina v. Dudley Stephens four stranded sailors were adrift in a small boat without supplies. The three strongest decided to eat the fourth, a seventeen (17) year old cabin boy to save themselves. There was some degree of necessity arising from the threat of starvation, even though the cabin boy would almost certainly have died of natural causes the sailors killed the boy intentionally and the court ruled that cannibalizing the boy was not urgently necessary and found them guilty of murder. (Regina v. Dudley Stephens, 1884) The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger When a person relies on necessity the action taken should have to avert the danger. When there is less drastic measure to avert the danger a person a person should take this option. If it was not taken a person cannot rely on necessity. For instance when a man are awake by a noise in the middle of the night and found a person at his fridge busy eating food and killed the person by shooting him he thus cannot relay on necessity. If there is a possibility that a person can flee from the immediate or imminent danger he should do so. (S v Pretorius, 1975). The danger does not take the form of an unlawful attack and removing oneself from the danger in most cases of necessity. The defensive act must be reasonable A person must act reasonable if he wants to rely on necessity as ground of justification. The interest that is being protected must not be disproportionate of the defence act. Not more harm than is necessary to avert the attack must be inflicted by the person who wants to rely on necessity. According to Snyman this proportionality requirement is sometimes explained by requiring that the protected interest should be of greater value than the interest that is infringed upon. (Snyman, 2008, p. 119). The protected and infringed interests are a totally different nature, but if the infringed interest is a legal provision only, the defence of necessity would most probably succeed. For example a correctional exceeding the speed limit because he is rushing to the Prison where inmates are in the process of escaping, he will most probably be allowed to justify his actions by relying on necessity as a defence, since he infringed a legal provision only. The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity If a person is conscious of the fact that an emergency exists and knowingly acted in necessity than he can rely on necessity as a defence. A person cannot thus rely on necessity as a ground of justification if he throws a brick through a window in an attempt to break into a house but his action saves the occupants lives who are sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas. PRIVATE DEFENCE The onus is on the state to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused action cannot be justified, if private defence is raised as a ground of justification. Private defence involves a person who takes the law into his own hands. Therefore, it is a drastic measure that should not be used for corrective purposes. Snyman alleged that this ground of justification has no history, but exist from the beginning of time. (Snyman, 2008, p. 103). Every person has a right to defend himself against an unlawful attack a right that is recognised in section 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The two theories for the existence of private defence are protection theory, which emphasises each persons right to defend oneself or another against an unlawful attack whereas in upholding-of justice theory is where people acting in private defence perform acts assist in upholding the legal order. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004, p. 178). It is the primary duty of the state to protect the life and property of individuals but no state no matter how big its recourses can afford it. Therefore, this right has been given by the state to every citizen to take the law into his own hands for their safety. REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RELIANCE ON PRIVATE DEFENCE The requirements of private defence can be divided into two groups for the purpose of classification namely: the requirements with which the attack must comply and the requirements with which the defence must comply. Requirements of the attack It must be unlawful A legal interest deserves protection. It must be imminent, but not yet completed The attack must be unlawful When the attack on a person is unlawful only than can a defender rely on private defence. A suspect who was lawfully arrested by a police official cannot rely on private defence in resisting the arrest. On the other hand, when a police official exceeds his powers by arresting a person he is not allowed to arrest the person may resist and can rely on private defence to justify his resistance. A legal interest deserves protection. Normally a person acts in private defence to protect his life, limb, bodily integrity and property. These are not the only interest worth of protection as the courts also recognized a persons right to defend personal freedom, sexual integrity, self-respect and chastity. To protect the interest of other persons is also an act of private defence but than the third party should want the defender to act on his behalf. However, the defender will not be able to rely on private defence if the victim does not want the help of the defender. (Joubert, 2001, p. 52) The attack must be imminent, but not yet completed If it is clear that an attack is about to happen than a person can rely on private defence. The defender doesnt have to wait for the attacker to attack first if the attack is imminent he can avert the attack by defending himself before the attack actually arise. But if the attack have been already completed the defender no longer defend him but get even. In the case of S v Moghlwane it was find that if the attack formed part of one and the same immediate and continued act of resistance, the defender can rely on private defence even if he left the scene temporarily. (S v Mogohlwane, 1982) The defence requirements Before private defence can succeed the defensive action have to comply with certain standards. The defence must be directed at the attacker It must be necessary It must be reasonable The defence must be directed at the attacker When the defence is directed at anyone else than private defence as a ground of justification will not succeed therefore, it may only be directed at the attacker. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004) The defence must be necessary If there is another way that the attack can be averted in a less serious way than that option should be used. The law must not be taken into their own hands if the defender can rely on another remedy. Therefore, the defence should be absolutely necessary in order to protect the interest threatened. The question arises than should a person rather flee an attack than resort to private defence? But than once there is a duty to flee it will imply that justice will have to give up to injustice. Therefore, it is not expected of a police official on duty to flee if he is being attacked while lawfully performing his duties. The defence must be reasonable There should be a balance between the attack and the defence. The defence act may not be more harmful than necessary to ward of the attack. Therefore, it would be unreasonable to kill a person who attempts to steal bread. Proportionality also plays a very important role in determining whether the defence was reasonable or not. The proportionality requirement will be met if the defence act is reasonably proportionate to the attack. The right of private defence is a good weapon in the hand of citizens to defend themselves but it is not revenge rather towards the threat and imminent danger of an attack. The courts find it difficult whether this right had been exercised in good faith or not. Conclusion It can be said that the confusion arise between Necessity and private defence are that they are closely related to each other. The difference are than is that private defence is an act of defence directed at an unlawful human attack while necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a simple legal provision.

The Incredible Peanut :: Botany

The Incredible Peanut According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, a peanut is "a low-branching, widely cultivated, leguminous, annual herb with showy yellow flowers having a peduncle which elongates and bends into the soil where the ovary ripens into a pod containing one to three edible seeds" (7). However, this definition does not even begin to give any indication of the importance of the peanut as an agricultural power in the world today. Therefore, this paper will discuss the peanut including its history, economic uses, and other pertinent information regarding this amazing plant. The scientific name for the common, commercially grown peanut is Arachis hypogaea L. Contrary to popular opinion, however, the peanut is not really a nut such as a pecan or walnut. It is actually a close relative of the black eyed pea in the family Leguminosae. Legumes are plants in which the roots contain nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria which return remarkable amounts of nitrogen to the soil. Logically, the peanut is a perfect crop to rotate in with soil depleting plants like cotton and is used extensively for this purpose (8). The peanut plant is a sparsely hairy, taprooted, annual bush about 45 cm tall when mature. The four main botanical varieties are Virginia, Spanish, Valencia, and Peruvian Runner. They are distinguished from each other by branching habit, branch length, and hairiness. The most interesting facet of peanut growth is the development of the seeds. After the small, yellow flowers pollinate themselves, the stalks at the bases of the ovaries, called pegs, elongate rapidly and turn downward due to geotropism. The peg then buries itself several inches in the ground to mature in approximately four months (6). In order for peanuts to be grown efficiently, several habitat criteria must be met. One of these is a suitable climate. For best yields, peanuts require a growing period of 4-5 months with a steady, rather high temperature and an annual rainfall of about 50-100 cm. The growing season must be long, warm and moist, but the harvest season must be dry so the pods will pull out of the ground. Another requirement is a light-col6red, well drained, sandy loam soil. If the peanuts are grown in too heavy soil, the pods will remain in the ground when the plants are harvested (4). Peanuts are grown in countries with warm climates all around the world. India produces about six million metric tons annually and is easily the world's leading producer.

GCSE Macbeth Assignment Essay

Shakespeare wrote â€Å"Macbeth† around 1606. This was a very violent time for the newly recognised British Isles. Just three years earlier, after nearly half a century in power, Queen Elizabeth I had died. She was succeeded by James I (or James VI of Scotland). James was of Scottish heritage and his style of rule was very different to that of Elizabeth who had been strong and imposing character. It would seem that James was a weaker monarch and in 1605, just two years after being crowned, there was a plot to destroy the houses of parliament, a symbol of his power. This is famously known as the Gunpowder Plot and is still commemorated every year on the 5th of November. Most agree that Shakespeare wrote â€Å"Macbeth† (or â€Å"The Scottish Play†) to comment on the underlying mood of the time. He sets his play in Scotland to try and win favour with King James and furthermore, makes the subject matter that of assassination and regicide ending in overall failure, to try and warn other possible plotters against the king. King James was renowned for his fascination and hatred of witches and during his reign tens of thousands of â€Å"witches† were killed. Shakespeare thus makes all the carnage and murder in the play the result of the witches’ prophecies. Our first impression of Macbeth is a very good one. In only the second scene, before we even meet Macbeth, we hear him referred to as â€Å"brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name.† Again, before Macbeth is even introduced to us, King Duncan remarks (with regard to Macbeth and Banquo) â€Å"they smack of honour both.† Although we are also told that Macbeth’s sword was â€Å"smoked with bloody execution† this is most definitely seen as a positive attribute and not as grounds for worry for the other characters. It could however, be a hint from Shakespeare that things are not completely as they seem. Initially, we see Macbeth as valiant and honourable and the man who, almost single-handedly, has saved the battle for his country. At this point, there is no finite indication of the madness that is to follow. In my opinion, right from the scene where we first meet Macbeth, Shakespeare makes it perfectly clear that he is not completely emotionally or psychologically stable. Whilst returning from the battle, Macbeth and his good friend Banquo encounter the three withes that commenced the play. They tell him, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter.† Macbeth is clearly startled by this, but he tries to reason with himself that what has been said cannot possibly be true. After a short jovial interlude with Banquo – Angus and Ross arrive and congratulate the two on their victory. Then they endow Macbeth with the title of â€Å"Thane of Cawdor,† and I believe that this is the turning point of the whole play. Macbeth seems almost entranced by this and speaks almost the whole of the rest of the scene to himself. He tries to reason what had just taken place but now, he seems changed. As the play develops, we get a closer insight into Macbeth’s mental instabilities and nowhere more so than before the murder of Duncan. Shakespeare has purposefully orchestrated a situation to show Macbeth’s true personality and inner feelings. Macbeth, however bloody and deranged he may seem after his encounter with the witches, is still a respectable man, and killing his king is a very large decision for him to take. Lady Macbeth has completely pressured him into this situation and this in itself shows us that Macbeth is not a strong person at all. We can see this clearly by the fact that Macbeth says â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business,† supposedly putting his foot down. However, by the end of Lady Macbeth’s response Macbeth is already asking the question â€Å"If we should fail?† This indicates that Lady Macbeth has no respect or fear for Macbeth who, only three scenes earlier was being described as bloody, valiant and honourable. He reminds his wife that â€Å"Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return to plague th’inventor,† pondering whether he would be killed if he were to be found out. Possibly in another act of cowardice he never directly tells Lady Macbeth about what he thinks will happen. But instead tells her, â€Å"This blow might be the be-all and the end-all here.† However, Lady Macbeth’s influence and determination is far greater than his and she forces Macbeth into the committing the deed. Macbeth tells his wife that it would be inhumane to kill King Duncan, â€Å"I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none.† We can also see that there is a definite element of fear in Macbeth, as when speaking, he refrains from using the word â€Å"murder.† Instead he uses euphemisms, â€Å"done† or â€Å"it†: â€Å"If it were done when’t is done.† He uses other words such as, â€Å"surcease† and â€Å"blow,† because Macbeth cannot even bear to say the word â€Å"murder.† Throughout the scene we see flashes of the â€Å"honourable† Macbeth described at the beginning of the play. For instance Macbeth displays a degree loyalty to Duncan when arguing with Lady Macbeth because he tells her, â€Å"as his host who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself.† The words â€Å"who should† mean that although Macbeth accepts that he should have said no to his wife, her influenced has forced him otherwise. In fitting with the times, Shakespeare uses Biblical imagery in his writing. Macbeth says â€Å"That is virtues will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against the deep damnation of his taking-off.† Apart from showing us that Macbeth is fearful of the immediate consequences of his actions, this also reveals his paranoia over the effects it will have on his after-life. The belief that someone would either go to heaven or to hell was virtually taken for granted in the early 17th Century. By using religious imagery in his play, Shakespeare makes sure that his intended audience are able to relate to the play fully. Finally, a stronger side of Macbeth then comes out and he says â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition.† Meaning that the only thing â€Å"spurring† him on is his ambition and nothing else, not even the pressure being exerted by his wife. He tells her that she is not affecting his actions, and in doing so, attempts to reassert him authority on the conversation. Shakespeare investigates many different aspects of Macbeths psyche in this short scene. On the one hand, contradictory to the picture of Macbeth that we have built up, Macbeth seems to be very weak. This is shown by the way Lady Macbeth has easily manipulated him and in some ways poisoned his mind. In this scene we also see shades of a more gentle Macbeth coming through, with his reluctance and doubt about killing Duncan. This whole scene leaves the audience very confused. Should they feel sympathy for Macbeth as they watch him try to defend himself against Lady Macbeth’s barrage of out-downs? Or should they dismiss his reluctance to kill Duncan as a symptom of his schizophrenia (and not that his conscience is catching up with or his more humane side coming out)? I am not even sure that Macbeth quite knows what to think, something that works perfectly for Shakespeare – as this layer of uncertainty creates suspense within the audience and forces them to carry on listening. After the murder, we are given yet more insight into Macbeth’s character. Fleeing from the scene of the crime he shows signs of paranoia. After hearing someone in the distance he shouts â€Å"Who’s there? what, ho!† He is clearly not thinking as, having just committed a terrible crime; he should have tried to have stayed undetected. The murder has definitely had an effect on him. He then discovers that luckily, it is only his wife and when he meets her anxiety clouds his thoughts. The first thing that he asks is â€Å"Didst thou not hear a noise?† To calm himself down he persistently asks Lady Macbeth whether she heard noises â€Å"When?†, â€Å"As I descended?† trying to reassure himself that he was not detected and there is nothing to worry about. His speech is edgy and uneasy. It that shows that he has not managed to calm down. Shakespeare usually wrote in iambic pentameters and these short one-word questions distort the flow of this pattern and are meant to indicate the paranoia and nervousness of Macbeth and his wife. Macbeth must have been extremely perturbed when he was in the room with Duncan. He says â€Å"this is a sorry sight,† whilst he is looking at his hands. This indicates that the killing was messy and later, Macbeth describes them as â€Å"hangman’s hands.† This could mean that Macbeth is disgusted and sorrowful for committing such a disgraceful crime and that he is showing signs of remorse. He continues to use euphemisms, such as â€Å"deed† to block out and forget the murder as much as he can. Shakespeare tries to give the audience the impression that Macbeth is sorry for his actions and not a cold-blooded person. Shakespeare also gives Macbeth another human element whereby he has him looking down at his hands, something that many people can identify with. Macbeth then goes on to talk about the â€Å"deed.† He mentions that when the two grooms were in the room with Duncan one cried, â€Å"Murder!† As Macbeth has refrained from using this tabooed word throughout the passage he must be very unstable to finally use it. Shakespeare also uses an exclamation mark which is meant to startle the audience and create suspense with a short pause. The short pause here is in start contrast to Macbeths other words which are written to be spoken very quickly. This is to give the audience the idea that Macbeth wants to forget his experience and get it off his chest as quickly as possible. A good example is when Macbeth is again talking about the two grooms, â€Å"That they did wake each other: I stood and heard them; but they did say their prayers, and addressed them again to sleep†. What Macbeth says next can also tell us much about his inner feelings. He does not respond to Lady Macbeth’s remark â€Å"There are two lodged together,† but instead carries on as if she were not there. This is a sure sign, as if it were needed, that he has been deeply affected by the prior events. He speaks in a jumbled fashion but yet his flow is uninterrupted. He refers to the Biblical terms used by the guards, â€Å"G-d bless us!† and â€Å"Amen.† He then says that he could not respond to the statement â€Å"G-d bless us† with the traditional â€Å"Amen.† This is probably because, looking at his blood soaked hands and thinking about what he has done he feels that he has badly dishonoured his religion Muddling his sentences, once more reveals the volatile state of his mind and his inability to think straight. Obsessed with the betrayal of his religion, he continues to talk about his inability to say â€Å"Amen.† He also mentions, â€Å"I had most need of blessing.† Here, Macbeth must be thinking about what will happen to him in the afterlife and whether he will be eternally damned for his actions. Macbeth then carries on to talk about sleep. He tells us that sleep is â€Å"innocent,† hinting that whilst he is asleep, he does not feel the guilt of whatever cruel actions he has taken during the day. He says that sleeps is â€Å"great nature’s second course,† referring to his life as a meal and saying that his â€Å"innocent sleep† is the best course. Then his words take on a dark tone. Again, completely ignoring what Lady Macbeth has said, he carries on in an entranced state. He says â€Å"Macbeth does murder sleep†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Glamis hath murder’d sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more.’ The fact that he can no longer escape to his â€Å"innocent sleep† because â€Å"Cawdor† and â€Å"Glamis† (he does not mention his own name or talk in the first person, probably through guilt) have murdered it evidently disturbs Macbeth. In my opinion, Shakespeare uses makes Macbeth say â€Å"Cawdor† and â€Å"Glamis† to remind the audience of the significance of the prophecy by the witches to the plot of the play – and specifically the murder. Finally, the audience are shown that Macbeth is broken and hysterical. Macbeth has given up and is reluctant to carry on. â€Å"I’ll go on no more: I am afraid to think what I have done.† Macbeth believes that he cannot carry on through fear of being discovered and that he would be constantly reminded of this great sin. This scene reiterates to the audience Macbeth’s insanity and shows us many of his emotions that we have already seen such. However, we see yet another side to Macbeth’s persona in the form of his religiousness. The audience is now confronted with someone who initially was the archetypal hero, but now is the complete antithesis. During the play the audience have seen his rationality and his insanity, his treachery and honour and both his bravery and cowardice. Now furthermore, we see his spirituality. Again, the audience cannot help but be bemused about who the real Macbeth is – and at this point in the play, which signals Macbeths psychological demise, this serves a brilliant dramatic purpose in that the audience really do not know what to expect next. The final act regards Macbeth’s demise. After hearing that Macbeth has murdered his entire family, Macduff (who has had his doubts about Macbeth ever since the murder of Duncan) joins forces with Prince Malcolm (Duncan’s son who fled to England after hearing of his father’s death).Meanwhile, Macbeth has visited the witches again – paranoid of Macduff’s challenge to his crown. They told him that he has nothing to worry to about â€Å"for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth† and that he was alright â€Å"until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane shall come against him.† At the beginning of Act 5 Scene 3, Macduff is already advancing on Macbeth. Macbeth seems confident and he insists, â€Å"bring me no more reports: let them fly all.† He is obviously not worried, however desperate the situation may seem because he truly believes that what the witches have told him is true. Shakespeare is possibly hinting this when he uses the word â€Å"fly† which has connotations of witchcraft. We are then reminded of Macbeth’s valiant side we were told about at the beginning of the play. He shows fearlessness by describing his servant as a â€Å"cream-faced loon,† meaning that he is pale faced and fearful. Macbeth therefore tells the servant to â€Å"prick thy face, and over-red thy fear.† Here telling him to cut himself and cover his face with the blood to look less pale. The Macbeth speaking now able to talk about subjects like shedding blood and feels no need to replace such words with euphemisms. This could be a sign that either Macbeth has lost all the guilt and remorse for his past murders, or that he is completely insane and no longer has any humanity left. We see flashes of this valiant Macbeth throughout the act. An example of this is when he says â€Å"I’ll fight, till from my bones my flesh be hacked.† Macbeth is then greeted with the news that – in the words of his messenger – â€Å"The wood began to move† He wonders whether the witches have deceived him, and he sets out fighting even though it may be in vain. He crosses Siward’s son. Macbeth is very arrogant about his clash with Siward’s son, because the witches’ predictions have proved correct so far, and they have told him not to fear any human born of a woman. Siward’s Son asks him his name, and as if a man assured of victory he replies â€Å"Thou’lt be afraid to hear it.† He finally answers â€Å"My name’s Macbeth,† this short phrase shows how self-assured Macbeth is. It also carries alliteration when spoken. The conflict concludes with Siward’s Son’s death. Macbeth makes a speech in soliloquy after killing Siward, â€Å"But swords I smile at, weapons laugh to scorn, Brandished by man that’s of a woman born.† The rhyming couplet gives his image a boost by convincing the audience that he is invincible. He assures himself that he has power and control over fate. When Macbeth meets Macduff, he tries to take the same tone as with Siward’s Son. He tells Macduff that â€Å"I bear a charmed life, which must not yield To one of woman born† Macduff replies â€Å"Despair thy charm†¦ Macduff was from his mother’s womb Untimely ripp’d.† At this Macbeth is clearly startled and he curses the witches accusing them of being â€Å"juggling fiends,† because they have tricked him through â€Å"juggling† their words. When Macbeth accepts Macduff’s challenge, even though he knows the end is near, the valiant and honourable side of his character shines through again. Macduff calls Macbeth a â€Å"coward† and tells him to â€Å"yield.† Possibly in one final maniac act of desperation he accepts the challenge and does not yield. He says that he cannot be dishonoured, â€Å"to kiss the ground before young Malcolm’s feet.† This is very clever as it uses distinct imagery that is easy to relate to. He goes on to say â€Å"I will not yield†¦ to be baited with the rabble’s curse†, saying that if he yields even common people will tease him. He goes forth to battle with Macduff and is killed. Shakespeare’s Macbeth is on of the classic tragic figures in literary history. He personifies a man’s corruption as a result of power. From our initial view of him, as what can only be described as a hero, we see him fall into an abyss of mental instability and eventually insanity. Shakespeare investigates many ideas such as, things not being as they seem, feminine influence and the overall result of regicide. He uses many cleverly crafted semantic fields such as clothes (â€Å"why do you dress me in borrow’d robes†) and a man’s face (â€Å"There’s daggers in men’s smiles†). These all work as clever imagery to further entice the audience. Apart from being a tragic hero, Macbeth is also one of the most complicated of all of Shakespeare’s characters. He goes through almost every emotion that we have a word for, and his feelings always contradict. First we think he is a fearless warrior, and then we see him bullied by his heartless wife. This serves a superb dramatic purpose for Shakespeare as the audience are never sure what to think or what to expect next. The conclude, the play â€Å"Macbeth† is undoubtedly one of Shakespeare’s greatest masterpieces and is a timeless piece of theatre – with its core, being the dramatic enigma that it the character, Macbeth.

A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner - 1053 Words

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In a small town one of the unwritten rules seems to be that you tend to know everyone in it. This is true in any small town in America. Faulkner begins his tale (via narrator of which we never know the identity) of Miss Emily Grierson’s home with a vivid description of where the events take place and the townspeople s reaction. â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas, and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street† (Faulkner 299). This gives the reader a good idea of where we start our journey. One can tell by the description Faulkner is talking about the post bellum era by the Victorian description of the house. The reader also gets the feeling that it is way past its prime and in need of repair. Quite a dire setting. The story is told in five parts and leads the reader through a mix of emotions and is quite dark in its telling. The reader can sense that Miss Grierson has a rather high opinion of herself and her status in the town. She is described as a â€Å"tradition, a duty, and a care, a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town† (Faulkner 299). A polite southern way to say a tolerance or a nuisance. The tolerance is illustrated in the passage describing how a past mayor had â€Å"fabricated a tale of her father’s financial assistance to the town† (Faulkner 299) and used this tale to excuse her tax obligation to the town. WithShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 PagesJune 24, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† it is clear how Emily’s gender affects how the individuals in the town perceive her. 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Essay on Ch 4 Notes Crim 260 Serial Killers - 1192 Words

Chapter 4 Social Construction of Serial Murder LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this chapter, students should be able: 1. To evaluate sociological theories as they pertain to violent behavior. 2. To understand the role of family and maladaptive childhood behaviors that may portend adult criminality, especially violence. 3. To examine the incidence of school shootings by juveniles compared to adults. 4. To examine the Myers and Kirby typologies of juvenile serial killers. 5. To explore the etiology of serial murder as it relates to Hickey’s Trauma- Control Model. 6. To review the case studies as they relate to the process of becoming a serial murderer. 7. To understand the facilitators that influence the†¦show more content†¦Specifically, offenders are blocked in various ways from achieving the â€Å"American dream† through legitimate means as a result of their racial, ethnic, or subcultural standing. Structural theories offer cogent explanations for many types of crimes, but not serial murder. Approximately 75% of serial killers do not belong to a racial or ethnic minority and do not appear to be particularly motivated by social or financial gain, although there are exceptions. Certainly, serial offenders who rob their victims exist, but even then the financial reward is peripheral to the attraction of controlling and killing another human being. Social process theories contend that criminal behavior is a function of a socialization process. Offenders may turn to crime as a result of peer-group pressure, family problems, poor school performance, legal entanglements, and other situations that gradually steer them to criminal behavior. Sykes and Matza (1957) and Matza (1964) view the process of delinquent youths becoming criminals as a matter of neutralizing their personal values and attitudes as they drift between conventional behavior and illegitimate behavior. Classical control theorists would argue that people do not commit crimes such as murder because of their fear of punishment. Punishment, they believe, can serve as a deterrent to committing crimes. Hirschi found that youths who appeared to be closely attached to their parents were less likely to commit crimes. In

Trophy Hunting A Social Construction Perspective

Trophy hunting is a wildly controversial topic, especially in today’s social media driven world. Every time a new picture of a hunter and a dead lion or other animal is posted online the media goes crazy. Africa is known for it’s beautiful landscapes, and more importantly the exotic highly sought after animals that roam the land. Africa’s most prominent animals are known as the â€Å"big five† it consists of the most challenging and rewarding animals to hunt. The big five consists of: lions, elephants, white rhinoceros, leopards, and finally the buffalo. The big five are majestic and extremely dangerous creatures, therefore they are highly sought after by mainly wealthy white males from all over the world as trophy hunts. Locals to Africa see the animals as threats to their way of life, America see’s them as exotic creatures that need to be protected, and trophy hunters see them as a challenge and another check on the list. The two perspectives I a m going to look at about this controversial topic is from a social construction perspective and a political economy perspective. Trophy hunting has sparked an outrage in today’s society however, there is a long storied history from which glorifies the art of big game hunting. â€Å"In King Solomon’s Mines, novelist H. Rider Haggard captured the imagination of Victorian England with the tale of a fearless hunter who ventured to Africa.† (G. Gustin, 2015). Haggard’s novel popularized the â€Å"white hunter† a â€Å"colonial minded Englishmen whoShow MoreRelatedKenyan Tourism Industry11160 Words   |  45 Pagesunderstanding, appreciation and conservation (Ecotourism Australia, 2003)†. International Ecotourism Society (2004) â€Å"Responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the environmental and sustain the well-being of local people†. Irrespective of unique perspectives and different definitions, there is considerable consensus that ecotourism must be beneficial to local communities and have a positive effect on protecting the environment (Buchsbaum, 2004). As the term ecotourism has evolved, definitions haveRead MoreThe Historical Transformation of Work14383 Words   |  58 Pageshuman societies, it is only in the recent past that work has become synonymous with regular paid employment, a separate sphere of specialized economic activity for which one receives payment. Thus, the current conception of work is a modern social construction, the product of specific historical conditions that are typically denoted by the term ‘industrial capitalism’. The first part of this term indicates that work is a productive activity involving machines powered by inanimate energy sources thatRead MoreStudy on Recruitment and Selection Process18240 Words   |  73 PagesReferrals Field Trips 15 CHAPTER-II INDUSTRY PROFILE 16 2.1. INTRODUCTION Steel is an alloy of iron usually containing less than 1% carbon is a versatile material with multitude of useful properties used most frequently in the automotive and construction industries. Steel can be cast into bars strips, sheets, nails, spikes, wire, rods or pipes as needed by the intended user. The consumption of steel is regarded as the index of industrialization and the economic maturity any country has attainedRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesTopics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting a cost and time baseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 CriticalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesScale 103 Scoring Key 103 Comparison Data 103 2 MANAGING PERSONAL STRESS 105 SKILL ASSESSMENT 106 Diagnostic Surveys for Managing Stress 106 Stress Management Assessment 106 Time Management Assessment 107 Type A Personality Inventory 108 Social Readjustment Rating Scale 109 Sources of Personal Stress 111 SKILL LEARNING 112 Improving the Management of Stress and Time 112 The Role of Management 113 Major Elements of Stress 113 Reactions to Stress 114 Coping with Stress 115 Managing StressRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesabout right of Chicago? Thats not quite the same thing, is it? Whether New York is to the right depends on what you can safely assume about your perspective. The answer is Yes, its to the right if you can safely assume directions are to be judged by someone above the U.S. and facing north and looking down onto Earth because from that perspective the directions of east and right are the same direction. But suppose you make a different assumption. If you were standing on the North Pole, you

Report for Ergonomic Solutions for Arthritic Workers

Question: Discuss about theReport for Ergonomic Solutions for Arthritic Workers. Answer: Introduction What is Arthritis? The human skeleton is segmented at several places for the feasibility of movement. The meeting point of two bones capable of movement can be referred as a joint. Joints vary in types according to nature of the movement required for the concerned part of the body. These articulations provide strong connection between the bones, teeth and the cartilages. Arthritis is very common clinical condition that involves certain types of disorders of the joint. It results in inflammated joints along with symptoms such as swelling, pain and stiffness of the concerned part of the body. The condition is not gender or age specific, however, it is found to be more prevalent in women and older people. In UK around 10million people suffer from the condition (Nhs.uk 2016); the figure is more severe in US with around 50 million adults and 300,000 children affected with Arthritis (Arthritis.org 2016). Types and Etiology of Arthritis There are more than 120 types of arthritis affecting different joints of the body with different etiologies. However, worldwide the most common types that are prevalent among the population are Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis (Valderrabano et al 2009). Osteoarthritis the more common of the two usually occurs in women and at an old age. Cartilages, the flexible connective tissues that line the end of the bones forming a joint, tear or wear away in Osteoarthritis (Sakalauskien? and Jaunikien? 2010). It causes increased friction between the bones and eventually pain, swelling and stiffness. Increased friction may lead to bony spurs known as osteophytes. In severe conditions the patient might require a joint replacement when therapeutic interventions fail to provide enough comfort to lead a normal life. The most common areas affected by osteoarthritis are knee, hand, spine and hips. Associated risk factors include obesity, family history, age and injury to the concerned area. On the contrary Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system of the body acts against the synovium of the body, essential for the production of synovial fluid that lubricates the joints and ensures smooth movement of the joints (Wegner et al 2010). It eventually causes severe damage to the joints. The exact cause of the autoimmunity is not clear, although scientists have proven that the most potent risk factors are genetic predisposition and environmental factors. In Singapore around 45,000 (1% of the population) people in the population suffers from Rheumatoid Arthritis (Singhealth.com.sg, 2016). Challenges for Arthritic Workers Researches show that working can help a person with some kind of disorder or health issue compared to having an unemployed life. As already mentioned, Arthritis is not age specific, it can be prevalent among the population who are at their working age and cause diverse range of problems at their workplace, irrespective of their job. Arthritis is the most common disabling epidemic with episodic symptoms such as pain and fatigue that can affect the productivity of a worker. Studies suggest that work can alleviate the problems faced by a patient with arthritis, as the symptoms tend to occur less frequently (Tang et al 2011). With appropriate monitoring of working hours and condition in the workplace work can turn out to be therapeutic for such patients. Several countries have Equality Acts in regard to work rights for employees. If the concerned person qualifies as disabled according to the definitions of the Act, the employer has to provide adequate support to its employees by providin g right tools and working conditions (Adamou et al 2011). Self-management of ones condition is another aspect, which is indispensible in such cases. Consulting the physician to gain recommendations regarding the management of work can be of helpful for the patients. Several challenges are faced by workers with arthritis in a workplace. In many occasions people are unwilling to disclose their condition in their workplace, fearing embarrassment and humiliation. People are less aware of the fact that sharing the challenges they face during work can make their employers and colleagues understand the situation and act accordingly. The employers and the colleagues must be made aware of what arthritis is, how it affects the patients and how it can be managed by making appropriate changes and adjustments. Many workers with arthritis are not aware of theirs rights when they are being discriminated at their workplace (Varekamp and Van Dijk 2010). The Equality Act has provision for people for disability in mobility, vision or hearing. It is the responsibility of the management to address such workers and create a suitable environment for workers with disabilities. According to the laws it is not even mandatory for a person to disclose their disability during recruitment or interview of a job. They need to talk about their competency and eligibility for the job post (Lockwood, G., Henderson and Thornicroft 2012). Workers suffering from arthritis must have a clear idea about their requirements and take the help of their therapist for guidelines and aims that can help them manage their condition and allow a steady productivity. Adjustments are required in the workspace for arthritic workers to cope up to the challenges efficiently. Often the employer does not provide the required tools and adjustments which poses severe challenge to workers. Findings Any worker who has to perform a same motion repeatedly or frequently is at risk of developing arthritis over the years. It can affect a diverse group of people from different domains. A worker from an automotive repair company was studied for the purpose of this report. The worker was 42 years old and is working in this profession for about the past 10 years. His working hours were from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., 5 days a week, with a one hour lunch break at 12:30 p.m. The particulars of the subject were collected by interviewing through questionnaire format. The worker suffers from arthritis in the hands. From the ergonomic study conducted on the worker it was found out that he works in a standing posture or is required go under the bonnet and car to make repairs of different parts of the car. He often experiences back pain due to working for such prolonged hours in such postures. He uses various tools like ratchet, spanners and wrenches frequently and over long periods during his working h ours for repairing purposes. He He experiences recurrent phases of pain in the hands after as well as during his working hours. His employer and colleagues ate unaware of his condition. No changes or special adjustments are provided to the worker to reduce the symptoms of his disorder. According to him, arthritis causes a lot of difficulties in his working life, decreasing his productivity and increasing absenteeism due to uncontrolled pain at times. Worker X Frequency Duration Using ratchet, spanners and wrenches Moe than 40x 1 Hour Studies have shown that various types of jobs can cause osteoarthritis in the workplace due to continued activity of a joint (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). The repeated mechanical stress on the joint may cause metabolic and physiological abnormalities in the concerned region. Accumulation of microtraumas due to vibrations from using tools at workplace is the most potent cause for the onset of osteoarthritis in workers. Hence, workers with such jobs are exposed to the risk factors compared to the normal population. Hence in our particular case study, it is evident that the frequent and repeated use of the mentioned tools by the worker has led to his condition of arthritis in the joints of the hands. The severity of the condition needs to be assessed promptly and immediate changes must be made regarding his job, work arrangements and working hours. Discussion of Solutions and Anticipated Challenges Arthritis is a fluctuating disease that can be medically severe and physically invisible at the same time. There are no physical implications of its symptoms. Hence the primary step required to address the situation is to increase the understanding of the disease and the specific needs of workers who are suffering from it. Most importantly the employers must have clear understanding and adequate knowledge of the problems a person with arthritis at workplace might face, in order for the worker to remain employed and maintain a healthy productivity (Mancuso, Paget and Charlson 2000). The employer needs to bear additional provisions like sick leave and additional ergonomically designed equipment suitable for such patients. The employee needs to keep the symptoms of the disease under control through medical and therapeutic intervention. Most of the common symptoms of arthritis including lack of mobility, pain, inflammation and stiffness can be reduced with the use of appropriate combination of drugs (Gignac 2004). During the early phase of diagnosis the patient often loses emotional and mental peace due to the fact that they are having a chronic lifelong disease. This often makes the patient lose temper at workplace (Li, Gignac and Anis 2006). Employers having knowledge of the condition are able to handle such situations with sensibility and ease. With progression of time these symptoms become control and the patient can continue working as normal. The employers must be lenient with sick leaves to allow the worker to make visits to the hospital or the physician whenever required. Employed people being diagnosed with the condition need to grant time off for the worker until the symptoms are stabilize by the prescribed drugs. The physician has a huge role to play to enable the patient manage his condition at work. They can elucidate how the patients condition is influence depending on what their job is and work they do at work. Often due to severity of the symptoms of arthritis patients tend to ignore other related health issues that might be prevalent. The physician needs to address such issues to avoid further detrimental health situations in the future. Studies have found that people who have their disease under control often choose not to disclose their health condition to the employer and the colleagues (). Causes behind such decisions may arise from embarrassment of being treated as disabled, from the fear of discrimination at work and from the fear that his/her condition will not be comprehended in a sensible manner by others due to lack of knowledge. Appropriate employee management practices must be followed by the employer while communicating with employee to make them feel comfortable and instill them a sense of trust so that they feel confident to share serious issues. The employer must ensure confidentiality on issues according to the will of the employee. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of the worker caused by the occurrence of arthritis on part of the employer is indispensible in such cases. It is the responsibility of the employer and the management to discuss the problems the worker is facing while at work and act according to find out new ways to overcome them. Adjustments largely depend on the type of work the worker performs. It may include the allotting the worker with less physical jobs and still utilize the skills or reducing the time they spent is works that can worsen their disease condition. Discrimination is another widespread challenge that patients with arthritis face at work. It is unethical to and unlawful at certain countries to treat workers differently due to the presence or absence of a diseased condition (De Castro, Gee and Takeuchi 2008). The employer must not treat a disabled person in an unfavorable manner due to any issue that arises from their disability. Disability related sickness should be considered separately compared to general sickness. Reasonable adjustments should be made for workers with arthritis to ensure that they have accessibility to things as non-disabled workers and maintain a steady work rate despite of several limitations. Flexible working hours and additional breaks or working from home may allow the worker to adapt to the symptoms with more ease (Munir et al 2005). Adjustments in duties and responsibilities can be changed according to the requirements and recommendation of the physician. Support can be provided to perform part of their job which is not suitable to manage the disease. The employer should provide the worker with equipment such as ergonomically designed tools that might reduce the impact of their working activities on their condition. While taking a decision or making adjustments the employers may also face certain challenges (Mancuso et al 2005). The employer needs to consider the rationality and practicality of the decision, the extent of the financial resources of the organization and the type and size of the organization. Finally, workplace assessments can provide an insight on what adjustments the required and to what extent. An assessment can be done on on different aspects in a workplace by professional such as Occupational Health Therapists, Physiotherapists, Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor, an Access to Work Advisor or an Occupational Health Nursing Advisor. Assessment of the employees job and the physical environment can determine how the tasks can be modified and simplified according to the workers needs. Further there may be lack of professional support and resources required for the employer and its employee to overcome the work related challenges. Support and information can be provided by government organization aimed to reduce work related obstacles for disabled workers. Conclusion and Recommendations The most potent solution that can help tackle the challenges of our concerned worker is adjustments of duties and tasks the employee is performing. As the task of the worker demands repeated and frequent use of tools and It is impractical to carry out automotive repairing without the repeated use of such tools, his employer must make adjustments in his task. He should be allotted a job which is less frequent and does not pose any additional threat in worsening his diseased state. To make such adjustments, assistance is required from certain professionals who can assess the condition of the worker as well as jobs that are suitable for the worker. A physician and an occupational therapist are necessary to perform the assessments and recommend the tasks that can be performed by the disabled worker with minimum risk factors. The occupational therapist must consult with the employer and make specific changes in the working hours and provide tools and equipment that will aid the worker in performing his tasks. The employee must visit his physician on a regular basis to monitor the progress of his condition and makes changes accordingly by consulting with his employer and occupational therapist. This can keep his arthritic effects under control on the long run and ensure that he performs his tasks with least interruption and reasonable productivity. References Adamou, M., Wadsworth, A., Tullett, M. and Williams, N., 2011. Hidden impairments, the Equality Act and occupational physicians.Occupational medicine,61(7), pp.453-455. Arthritis.org. (2016). What Is Arthritis?. [online] Available at: https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/what-is-arthritis.php [Accessed 26 Nov. 2016]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults--United States, 2005.MMWR: Morbidity and mortality weekly report,58(16), pp.421-426. De Castro, A.B., Gee, G.C. and Takeuchi, D.T., 2008. Workplace discrimination and health among Filipinos in the United States.American Journal of Public Health,98(3), pp.520-526. Gignac, M.A., Badley, E.M., Lacaille, D., Cott, C.C., Adam, P. and Anis, A.H., 2004. Managing arthritis and employment: Making arthritis?related work changes as a means of adaptation.Arthritis Care Research,51(6), pp.909-916. Li, X., Gignac, M.A. and Anis, A.H., 2006. Workplace, psychosocial factors, and depressive symptoms among working people with arthritis: a longitudinal study.The Journal of rheumatology,33(9), pp.1849-1855. Lockwood, G., Henderson, C. and Thornicroft, G., 2012. The Equality Act 2010 and mental health.The British Journal of Psychiatry,200(3), pp.182-183. Mancuso, C.A., Paget, S.A. and Charlson, M.E., 2000. Adaptations made by rheumatoid arthritis patients to continue working: a pilot study of workplace challenges and successful adaptations.Arthritis Care and Research,13(2), pp.89-99. Mancuso, C.A., Rincon, M., Sayles, W. and Paget, S.A., 2005. Longitudinal study of negative workplace events among employed rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls.Arthritis Care Research,53(6), pp.958-964. Munir, F., Jones, D., Leka, S. and Griffiths, A., 2005. Work limitations and employer adjustments for employees with chronic illness.International Journal of Rehabilitation Research,28(2), pp.111-117. Nhs.uk. (2016). Arthritis - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Arthritis/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 26 Nov. 2016]. Sakalauskien?, G. and Jaunikien?, D., 2010. Osteoarthritis: etiology, epidemiology, impact on the individual and society and the main principles of management.Medicina (Kaunas),46(11), pp.790-7. Singhealth.com.sg. (2016). Rheumatoid Arthritis - Singapore Health Hospitals and Doctors. [online] Available at: https://www.singhealth.com.sg/PatientCare/ConditionsAndTreatments/Pages/Rheumatoid-Arthritis.aspx [Accessed 26 Nov. 2016]. Tang, K., Escorpizo, R., Beaton, D.E., Bombardier, C., Lacaille, D., Zhang, W., Anis, A.H., Boonen, A., Verstappen, S.M., Buchbinder, R. and Osborne, R.H., 2011. Measuring the impact of arthritis on worker productivity: perspectives, methodologic issues, and contextual factors.The Journal of rheumatology,38(8), pp.1776-1790. Valderrabano, V., Horisberger, M., Russell, I., Dougall, H. and Hintermann, B., 2009. Etiology of ankle osteoarthritis.Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,467(7), pp.1800-1806. Varekamp, I. and Van Dijk, F.J.H., 2010. Workplace problems and solutions for employees with chronic diseases.Occupational medicine,60(4), pp.287-293. Wegner, N., Lundberg, K., Kinloch, A., Fisher, B., Malmstrm, V., Feldmann, M. and Venables, P.J., 2010. Autoimmunity to specific citrullinated proteins gives the first clues to the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.Immunological reviews,233(1), pp.34-54.